입장바꾸어 생각하기 (수동태/능동태)
▶ 태란?
태라는 말은 동사의 형태를 묻는 말이다. 즉 동사가 주어와의 관계에서 행하는 경우와 당하는 경우가 있는데, 이에 따라서 동사의 형태를 바꿈으로 주어가 동작을 행하는지, 당하는지를 표시해주는 표현이다. 주어가 능동적으로 행하는 것은 능동태라고 하고, 당하는 것을 수동태라고 한다. 수동/능동은 우리말에도 있는 표현이지만, 영어에서는 매우 중요한 절때 간과하고 넘어갈수는 없는 매우 중요한 표현이다. 반드시 정복해서 숙지 해두어 하겠다. 수동태는 처음에는 개념을 잡기가 힘들지만 처음에 제대로 해놓으면, 헷갈린 것이 없는 단순한 개념이다. 한 퀴에 잡아서 내 걸로 만들자.
▶ How to make?
(능동태) S + V + O(수동태) S′ Be+pp By+O′
Ⅰ. 평서문
1) 3형식
1. 동사 He wrote a letter.
→ be+pp by A letter was written by him.
2. 조동사 He will write a letter.
→ 조동사+be+pp by A letter will be wirtten by him.
3. Be -ing He is writing a letter.
→ be+being+pp by A letter is being written by him.
4. have/has PP He has written a letter.
→have/has+been+pp by A letter has been written by him.
5. had PP He had written a letter.
→ had+been+pp by A letter had been written by him.
2) 4형식 (4형식은 주어가 두 개이므로. 수동태도 2개이다. )
He gave me a gift
→ 1) me를 주어로. → I was given a gift.
→ 2) A gift를 주어로. → A gift was given (to) me.
3) 5형식 (5형식은 4형식과 형태는 비슷하지만, 전혀 다른 문장이기 때문에 수동태로 만들 때 주의해야 한다.)
He made his son a doctor
→ His son을 주어로. → His son was made a doctor by him
→ A doctor를 주어로. → A doctor was made his son by him.(X)
Ⅱ. 의문문
1) 의문사가 없는 의문문
① 평서문 You wrote this book ?
② 수동태 This book was written by you ?
③ 의문문(도치) Was this book written by you ?
2) 의문사가 있는 의문문
1. 의문사가 주어인 경우
① 평서문 Who wrote this book ?
② 수동태 This book was written by whom ?
③ 의문문 By whom was this book written ?
2. 의문(대명)사가 목적어인 경우
① 평서문 You loved whom.
② 수동태 Who was loved by you ?
3. 의문부사로 시작하는 경우
① 평서문 You wrote a letter when.
② 수동태 A letter was written when by you.
③ 의문문 When was a letter written by you ?
Ⅲ. 명령문
1) 긍정문 - Let + O + pp Let the door opened.
2) 부정문 - Let + O + not pp Let the door not opened.
Don't + let + O + pp Don't let the door opened.
Ⅳ. 주의할 수동태
1) 지각 동사, 사역 동사의 수동태
1. 지각 동사(see, hear, feel, taste, small)
He heard her sing a song
→She was heard to sing a song by him.
2. 사역동사(make, have, let, get)
They made him study English
→He was made to study English by them.
2) That절이 목적어인 경우의 수동태
1. They say that he is honest
→That he is honest is said by them.
→It is said that he is honest.
→He is said that he is honest.
3) By 이외의 전치사를 쓰는 수동태
1. A table is made (of ) wood
Wine is made (from) a grape.
Wood is made (into) a desk.
2. He is known (as ) a great poet.
He is known (for) humor
He is known (to) everyone
Man is known (by) the company he keeps.
4) 타동사구의 수동태
1. 자동사+전치사 The car ran over a dog.
run over, laugh at A dog was run over by the car.
2. 자동사+부사+전치사 They looked up to him.
look up to, look down (up)on He was looked up to by them.
3. 타동사+명사+전치사 She took care of her children.
take care of, take advantage of Her children was taken care of by her.
|
평서문 |
1. 동사 → be+pp by
2. 조동사 → 조동사+be+pp by
3. Be -ing → be+being+pp by
4. have/has PP →have/has+been+pp by
5. had PP → had+been+pp by
|
→
→
→ →
→
|
He wrote a letter.
A letter was written by him. He will write a letter.
A letter will be wirtten by him. He is writing a letter.
A letter is being written by him. He has written a letter.
A letter has been written by him. He had written a letter.
A letter had been written by him. |
|
3형식 | |||
|
※ 수동태를 못쓰는 3형식 동사
1. 상태 동사 have, lack, resemble fit, suit(～에 적합하다.) become(～에 어울리다.)
※ 상태를 나타내는 동사들은
동사자체에 진행의 의미가 들어있기
때문에, 진행형으로 쓸수 없다.
그리고
수동태가 되려면,
행위를 하는 주체와 객체가
있어야 하는데,
상태(state)를 표현하는 말은
행위를 포함하는 의미가 없고,
현재의 상태를 표현하기 때문에,
수동태로 쓸수도 없다.
예를 들면, possesss는
소유하는 행위를 의미하는 말이고,
have는 소유하는 상태를 의미하는
말이다.
2. 상호목적어 each other, one another ※ 상호목적어는 의미상 수동태로 사용할수 없다. |
→
→ |
He has a car
A car is had by him (×) → possessed
Mary and John love each other. → Each other is loved by Mary and John.(×)
| |
|
4형식 |
4형식은 주어가 두 개이므로. 수동태도 2개이다.
He gave me a gift → 1) me를 주어로. → 2) A gift를 주어로.
|
|
I was given a gift. A gift was given (to) me. ※ to는 의미상 첨가하는데, 안써도 무관하다.
|
|
5형식. |
5형식은 4형식과 형태는 비슷하지만, 전혀 다른 문장이기 때문에 수동태로 만들 때 주의해야 한다.
He made his son a doctor → His son을 주어로. → A doctor를 주어로. |
|
His son was made a doctor by him A doctor was made his son by him.(X) ; 의미상 말이 안된다. |
|
의문문 |
① 평서문
② 수동태
③ 의문문(도치) (답)
|
→
→
→
|
Did you write this book?
You wrote this book ?
This book was written by you ?
Was this book written by you ? |
|
의문사가 없는 의문문
| |||
|
의문사가 있는 의문문 |
1. 의문사가 주어인 경우
① 평서문 ② 수동태 ③ 의문문
2. 의문(대명)사가 목적어인 경우
① 평서문 ② 수동태
3. 의문부사로 시작하는 경우
① 평서문 ② 수동태 ③ 의문문 |
→ → →
→ →
→ → → |
Who wrote this book?
Who wrote this book ? This book was written by whom ? By whom was this book written ?
Who(m) did you love?
You loved whom. Who was loved by you ?
When did you write a letter? You wrote a letter when. A letter was written when by you. When was a letter written by you ? |
|
명령문 |
|
|
|
|
긍정문 |
Let + O + pp |
→
|
Open the door
Let the door opened. |
|
부정문 |
Let + O + not pp
Don't + let + O + pp |
→
→ |
Don't open the door Let the door not opened.
Don't let the door opened. |
|
주의할 수동태 |
|
| |
|
지각 동사 사역 동사의 수동태 |
S 지/사 O OC(원)
S′ be+pp to+동․원 by O′
1. 지각 동사 see hear feel taste small
2. 사역동사 make have let get |
→
→ |
He heard her sing a song
She was heard to sing a song by him.
They made him study English
He was made to study English by them. |
|
That절이 목적어인 경우의 수동태 |
|
→
→
→ |
1. They say that he is honest
(That he is honest is said by them. )
2. It is said that he is honest.
3. He is said that he is honest. |
|
By 이외의 전치사를 쓰는 수동태 |
be married to be covered with be interested in be satisfied with be pleased with be surprised at
be made of 물리 be made from 화학 be made into 결과
be known as A = B be known for A ≠ B be known to A -> B be known by A <- B
|
→ |
He married her She was married to him.
A table is made (of ) wood Wine is made (from) a grape. Wood is made (into) a desk. A grape is made (into) a wine
He is known (as ) a great poet. He is known (for) humor He is known (to) everyone Man is known (by) the company he keeps. |
|
타동사구의 수동태 |
1. 자동사+전치사
run over, laugh at
2. 자동사+부사+전치사
look up to, look down (up)on
3. 타동사+명사+전치사
take care of, take advantage of
|
→
→
→ |
The car ran over a dog.
A dog was run over by the car.
They looked up to him.
He was looked up to by them.
She took care of her children.
Her children was taken care of by her. |
|
※ 차이점을 구별하세요. |
|
He had his hair cut by hairdresser. (이발사가 자름.) He cut his hair (자신이 자름.) |
※ 수동태로 바꾸시오
→
→
→
→
12. When did you leave Seoul? →
→
→
→
15. He saw her enter the room →
17. They say that he is right. →
→
18.
The snow covered the mountain
→
21. They looked down upon him. →
22. He took advantage of the opportunity. →
23. 의미의 차이를 설명하시오.
He had his picture taken
He took his picture.
07수통태
1. English was spoken by him
2. English can be spoken by him
3. English is being spoken by him
4. English has been spoken by him
5. English gad been spoken by him
6. A book possessed by him
7.
8. I was lent a watch by him/A watch lent to me by him
9. You read that book? That book was read by you?
10. The game was won by whom?
11. you like whom? who I liked by you?
12. you left seoul left when by you? when was seoul lost by you?
13. Let it dose at once
14. Let it not forgotten don't let it forgotten
15. She was seen to enter the -room by him
16. She was made to stay here
17. He is said to be right
18. The mountain was covered with the snow
19. Jane was married to Tom
20. she was depended in by him
21. He was looked down upon by them
22. The opportunity was taken advantage of by him
23. 찍힌 것
찍은 것
...............................................................................
...................................................
.......................
- '09년 10월의 12일 월요일 새벽
참 영어 실력이란,
토익만으로, 텝스만으로, 토플만으로,
끝나는 것이 아니라,
보이지 않는 근본 원리에 있음을 믿는,
라 울 선생님 남 김
....... { Written, Created & Made by Raoul 4 All of U in Raoul's Empire } .... 09A10B12C......
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